Appendix A: Who's doing what in missile defense?

While President Clinton agreed, in principle, to deploying a limited national missile defense system to protect the US from accidental or rogue ballistic missile attacks, the Bush administration has greatly expanded the mission of the Pentagon's Ballistic Missile Defense programs. Today, the Pentagon no longer differentiates between theater and national defense. Instead, the Pentagon is focusing on missile defense as a single integrated BMD system, capable of defending the forces and territories of the United States, its Allies, and friends against all classes of ballistic missile threats, in all phases of the missiles flight - boost, midcourse, and terminal.

Boost Phase Systems - The Pentagon is currently reviewing more than 50 proposals on boost phase missile defense system, which it received from defense contractors since early this year.

Airborne Laser - A chemical laser affixed to a modified Boeing 747 jet focused on medium and short-range threats. The first test will take place in 2004. TRW is working on the laser technology. Lockheed Martin is developing the equipment to direct the laser beam. The three companies have shared about $1.5 billion in research funds over the past three years.[86] Boeing is the lead contractor. 
Navy Area Theater - A modified Navy Aegis cruiser being developed by Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, General Dynamics and Northrop Grumman. After spending $2.4 billion over the past decade in research and development, the program was canceled in December 2001 due to delays and cost overruns. 
Space-Based Laser - Being developed by Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and TRW, with an integrated flight test not expected to take place until 2012 
Midcourse Systems

Ground Based Midcourse Defense System - Boeing is the prime contractor and overall systems integrator for the ground-based system. Lockheed Martin is a subcontractor responsible for the payload launch vehicle, which is serving as a surrogate ground-based interceptor that delivers the kill vehicle, being developed by Raytheon. TRW is in charge of the battle management command, control, and communications (BMC3) products which helps the interceptor locate and destroy the target. Raytheon is also developing the ground-based radar, which provides the kill vehicle and the BMC3 real-time operational data for target discrimination.[87] 
Sea-Based Midcourse System (previously known as Navy Theater Wide) - Lockheed Martin is making the ship-based radar and Raytheon is making the booster and interceptor. 
Terminal Systems

PAC-3 - The latest version of the Patriot air-defense system. Managed by the MDA, Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor responsible for the PAC-3 missile segment. Raytheon is the system integrator for the PAC-3 missile segment. 
Theater High-Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) - A land-based system designed to destroy the full range of theater ballistic missile threats to troops, military assets and allied territories. Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor. 
Other Missile Defense Related Technologies/Programs

Space-Based Infrared System-Low (SBIRS-low) - TRW is Prime Contractor of a combined team for the Pentagon's Space-Based Infrared System Low. TRW and subcontractor Spectrum Astro will develop spacecraft, while Raytheon and Northrop Grumman will develop sensor payloads under competitive subcontracts to TRW. The budget request for FY 2003-2007 is $3.63 billion, launch of first satellites in expected in 2006/7. SBIRS-low is designed to provide end-to-end infrared tracking of missiles throughout their trajectories.[88] 
Space-Based Infrared System-High (SBIRS-high) - Prime Contractor is Lockheed Martin. SBIRS-high satellite constellation, being developed to replace existing satellites from the 1970s, has been deemed "essential" to US national security by the Secretary of Defense and can continue to receive funding despite cost overruns of approximately $2 billion. 

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Appendix B: The "Nonpartisan" Think-Tanks

The National Defense University Foundation and the National Defense Industrial Association are continuing their ongoing series of Congressional Seminar Series "breakfast briefings" on missile defense on Capitol Hill. Each fall and spring the NDU holds approximately 20 breakfast briefings. Not only does the arms industry's largest trade association, NDIA, support the series, but each breakfast receives support from a specific corporation like Bechtel or Lockheed Martin. Attendees are primarily defense industry representatives, Hill staffers, lobbyists, and an occasional reporter or two. Speakers are primarily missile defense supporters. Past briefings have featured Rep. Curt Weldon, Sen. Jon Kyl, Steve Cambone, and John Bolton. NDIA claims to provide "a forum for the interchange of ideas and technology between government and industry." And goes on to note it's "key position to shape issues and influence defense policies through its chapters, committees, and divisions covering key facets of defense." NDIA holds eighty annual symposiums, publishes the National Defense Magazine, and maintains a membership of more than 950 corporations.[89] 
The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is headed by project directors William Kristol, editor of the Weekly Standard; Robert Kagan, senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a contributing editor at the Weekly Standard, and a columnist for the Washington Post; and Bruce Jackson, Vice President of Strategy and Planning, Corporate Strategic Development for Lockheed Martin who also serves on the Board of Directors of the Center for Security Policy. PNAC's goal is to promote American global leadership by significantly increasing defense spending, strengthening ties to democratic allies while challenging regimes hostile to our interests, and promoting the cause of political and economic freedom abroad. The groups Statement of Principles concludes by saying, "Such a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity may not be fashionable today. But it is necessary if the United States is to build on the successes of this past century and to ensure our security and our greatness in the next." Signatories from the Bush administration include Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Paul Wolfowitz.[90] 
The American Conservative Union describes itself as "the nation's oldest conservative lobbying organization." The ACU launched a project called Americans for Missile Defense (AMD) last summer. The ACU sent a letter to President Bush, co-signed by more than fifty conservative leaders, in support of missile defense. Signatories included Frank Gaffney of CSP, Robert Maginnis of the Family Research Council, Maj. Gen. J. Milnor Roberts of High Frontier, and Bob Livingston of the Livingston Group. Weeks later, in conjunction with CSP, the ACU held a press conference at the Senate "Swamp" on the grounds of the US Capitol to show their support for President Bush's missile defense efforts. American Conservative Union Chairman David Keene officially launched AMD's drive to accumulate one million online signatures through the coalition's website at www.americansformissiledefense.org. In addition to Rep. Weldon and Frank Gaffney, Senators Jim Inhofe (R-OK) and Jon Kyl (R-AZ) also spoke at the event.[91] 
The corporate-backed SAFE Foundation (Safeguarding America For Everyone) has accelerated its National Missile Defense education campaign in the wake of September 11, even going so far as to put a picture of the charred ruins of the World Trade Center front and center on its web site as an attention-getter for its pro-missile defense propaganda. Board members of the foundation include Representative Weldon and Dean J. Garritson, a vice president of the National Association of Manufacturers. Last year the foundation, along with Rep. Weldon, organized a press conference featuring 5 "leading scientists" in support of missile defense.[92] 
The Heritage Foundation mission statement reads: Founded in 1973, The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institute - a think tank - whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense." Directed by Edwin J. Feulner, Ph.D., Heritage has been a leading advocate of deployment of sea-based missile defenses and the abandonment of the ABM Treaty. In addition to publications such as Defending America: A Plan to Meet the Urgent Missile Threat and America At Risk: The Citizen's Guide to Missile Defense, Heritage runs another website, NationalSecurity.org.[93] 
Empower America was founded by Bill Bennett, Jeanne Kirkpatrick, and Jack Kemp. This organization ran misleading pro-Star Wars radio ads against incumbent Democratic Senator Harry Reid (D-NV) is the 1998 elections. Empower.org (Empower America's education and research arm) launched its newest project in March called Americans for Victory Over Terrorism (AVOT). AVOT's stated mission is "to sustain and strengthen American public opinion as the war on terrorism moves forward. AVOT will promote the democratic ideals of freedom, liberty, equality, and human rights-the very virtues terrorist groups and terrorist states wish to eradicate-and answer those who seek to erode our nation's resolve and commitment to fight and defeat the evil of terrorism."[94] AVOT plans to host meetings and lectures at college campuses around the nation, and to use various media outlets to promote their campaign. In addition to William Bennett, other AVOT senior advisors include Frank Gaffney and James Woolsey. 

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Appendix C: Who's Who in the Bush Administration – Ties to missile defense contractors/think-tanks

Dick Cheney, Vice President - Dick Cheney was an early member of the Center for Security Policy's Board of Advisors. His wife, Lynne Cheney, sat on the Board of Directors of Lockheed Martin until February of 2000, and was compensated $120,000 a year for attending quarterly meetings.

Donald Rumsfeld, Defense Secretary - Longtime associate and contributor to the Center for Security Policy, Rumsfeld chaired both the commission which assessed the ballistic missile threat facing the US and the commission which looked at future military uses of space. Both commissions were heavily influenced by self-interested corporations. The Space Commission had no fewer than eight representatives of companies working on space technology and missile defense for the Pentagon. And the Ballistic Missile Threat Commission's findings were based in large part on briefings from defense contractors. Rumsfeld was the recipient of CSP's "Keeper of the Flame" award in 1998. Rumsfeld was also on the board of Empower America.

Stephen Hadley, Deputy National Security Advisor - Before joining the Bush administration, Hadley was a partner in the Washington law firm of Shea & Gardner, which represents Lockheed Martin. Hadley was a co-author of the National Institute for Public Policy report, the blueprint for the Bush Nuclear Policy Review.

Pete Aldridge, Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics - Prior to his appointment by President Bush, Mr. Aldridge was the Chief Executive Officer of the Aerospace Corporation, which ranked #33 on the Pentagon's list of top defense contractors for 2001. He came to that position from McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company where he served as President from 1988 to 1992. Mr. Aldridge serves on the Board of Directors of United Industrial Corporation (#87 on the Pentagon's contractor list). He also serves as a director of the US Space Foundation, which is heavily funded by all the major missile defense contractors.

Robert Joseph, Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Proliferation Strategy, Counterproliferation and Homeland Defense - Mr. Joseph previously served as a Professor of National Security Studies and Director of the Center for Counterproliferation Research at the National Defense University. He held positions in the previous Bush administration, and various positions within the Office of the Secretary of Defense in the Reagan administration. Mr. Joseph was a co-author of the NIPP study, and is a member of CSP's advisory council. 

Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary for Defense - Mr. Wolfowitz was Dean and professor at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies. From 1982 through 1986, he was Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. From 1986 to 1989 Wolfowitz was the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia. During the Bush administration, Wolfowitz was Dick Cheney's Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the principal civilian official responsible for strategy, plans and policy.Mr. Wolfowitz also served as a consultant for defense contractor Northrop Grumman, and earned speaking fees from groups such as the Hudson Institute and the Heritage Foundation. 

Stephen Cambone, Director of the Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation - Mr. Cambone served as Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy until July when Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld appointed him to his new position. Rumsfeld said, "He is well-suited to take the lead in translating our policies into budgets that can transform the Defense Department."[95] Cambone has served as special assistant to Rumsfeld (part of NIPP study group), and before his appointment in the Bush administration he served as Staff Director for the Commission to Assess US National Security Space Management and Organization. Mr. Cambone also served as the Director of Research for the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University. Cambone held the position of staff director for the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States in 1998 and was a Senior Fellow of Political-Military Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies from 1993 to 1998.

Douglas Feith, Undersecretary of Defense for Policy - Former chair of the Center for Security Policy's Board of Directors. Prior to his appointment, Mr. Feith was for fifteen years the managing attorney of the Washington, DC law firm of Feith & Zell, P.C. His biography says that he specializes in "technology transfer, joint ventures and foreign investment in the defense and aerospace industries." Mr. Feith also represented the Loral Corp., which the Pentagon accused of selling sensitive technology to China. Mr. Feith argued Loral's case before the Senate.[96] From March 1984 until September 1986, Mr. Feith served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Negotiations Policy. Prior to assuming that position, he served as Special Counsel to Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle. Mr. Feith transferred to the Pentagon from the National Security Council at the White House, where he worked from 1981 to 1982 as a Middle East specialist.[97] 

Richard Perle, Chairman, Defense Policy Board, Department of Defense - The Defense Policy Board is an advisory panel to the Pentagon made up of leading figures in national security and defense which backs laying the groundwork for overthrowing Saddam through military means. He previously served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy in the Reagan Administration.[98] Reagan's "Prince of Darkness" for his distaste of disarmament treaties, important role in the defense policy board, a Pentagon think-tank, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, CSP advisor

John Bolton, Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security - John Bolton is Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz's point man in the State Department. Bolton was forced on Secretary of State Powell despite his objections. The Washington Post reported, "He serves as senior adviser to the president on non-proliferation and disarmament - a role which causes grim amusement in the state department as he opposes multilateral arms agreements on principle."[99] In January 2001, Jesse Helms endorsed Bolton: "John Bolton is the kind of man with whom I would want to stand at Armageddon, if it should be my lot to be on hand for what is forecast to be the final battle between good and evil in this world."[100]

Peter B. Teets, Undersecretary of the Air Force - Mr. Teets is the retired President and Chief Operating Officer of Lockheed Martin Corp., a position he held from 1997 through 1999. He began his career with Martin Marietta, Denver, Colo., in 1963, and held various positions with Martin Marietta until the merger with Lockheed Martin in 1995. After the Lockheed Martin merger in 1995 and until 1997, Mr. Teets served as President and Chief Operating Officer of the Information and Services Sector.[101] Teets remains on the Board at Lockheed Martin and also sits on the Board of Directors at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. Teets has openly advocated the weaponization of space. At a March 6, 2002 conference in Washington, DC, he asserted that "weapons will go into space. It's a question of time. And we need to be at the forefront of that."[102]

Dov Zakheim, Undersecretary for Comptroller - Mr. Zakheim previously served as Corporate Vice President of Systems Planning Corporation International, a major defense contractor that specializes in technology and research as well as political and military consulting. Zakheim also sits on the advisory board for Northrop Grumman and is an adjunct scholar at the Heritage Foundation. 

Keith Payne, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces and Policy Dr. Keith Payne -Chairman of the Pentagon's Deterrence Concepts Advisory Panel - Payne serves as the Director of the National Institute for Public Policy, and is now helping the Bush administration implement the recommendations in the Nuclear Posture Review.

James G. Roche, Secretary of the Air Force - Before his appointment, Mr. Roche was Corporate Vice President and President of the Electric Sensors and Systems Sector of the Northrop Grumman Corporation. He's been with Northrop since 1984.[103] Mr. Roche is also a Member of the Center for Security Policy's advisory council. 

Gordon England, Secretary of the Navy - Mr. England served as executive vice president of General Dynamics Corporation from 1997 until 2001 and was responsible for two major sectors of the corporation: Information Systems and International. Previously he had served as executive vice president of the Combat Systems Group, president of General Dynamics Fort Worth aircraft company (later Lockheed), President of General Dynamics Land Systems company producing land combat vehicles and as the principal of a mergers and acquisition consulting company.[104] According to the Washington Times, England will be helping his branch to carry out orders such as "developing futuristic weapons to counter new types of threats emerging in the post-Soviet world."[105]

Thomas White, Secretary of the Army - From 1990 to 2001, Mr. White was employed by Enron Corporation and held various senior executive positions.[106]