Theodore Herzel , founder of the Zionist movement, is considered to be a proponent of terrorism, having formed and given leadership to a band of terrorists in the beginning of the Zionist movement against Russia and European countries in order to take revenge on them for their persecution of the Jews. At the first Zionist Congress, Herzel delivered a series of lectures aimed at rousing Jews' hatred against the world. These talks were kept secret for some time, until they were published by the Old France magazine, which later gathered them together into a book entitled, The ?Jewish Conspiracy. The most notable aspect of the lectures was the plans which they contained to take over the world by means of terrorism, means the application of which we have been witnessing on Palestinian soil ever since the first [Zionist] Jews set foot there earlier in this century. Among the things which Old France published on the subject of terrorism, and which it took word for word from Herzel's lectures, is his statement, "And when the fires of the revolution which we have spawned throughout the world begin to die down and the fall of existing governments is officially announced, we shall condemn to death every clandestine association in order to guarantee our influence and power in the new state" (1). In another lecture, he specifies the meaning of terrorism and its various applications saying, "All have been condemned to die. Therefore, being ourselves those who have established these [new] regimes, it is better for us to hasten the deaths of those who have interfered in our affairs than to see ourselves or our children die." Herzel continues his discussion of dominion over others, saying, "And when we have become lords over all people, we shall not permit the existence of any religion but our own, which proclaims the one God upon Whom our destiny depends. After all, we are the chosen people of God, and the destiny of the world is determined by our own destiny. It is therefore our duty to annihilate all religions toward the end of becoming sovereign over all peoples." Perhaps one of the most striking things found in Herzel's secret lectures is his plan to convert rulers of the world to Judaism so that they will all be agents for the Jews. He states, "At that time, all agents of all the countries of the world will either be Jews or of Jews' making. This is where the Jewish international covenant begins, whereby every organization and every action will be in Jewish hands alone. As for the renegades, they will be nothing but guards and underlings who carry out the orders of others." After Herzel came Trotsky, who resisted persecution of the Jews in Czarist Russia by committing various sorts of violence. Later he was able to join the Leninist revolution, one of its first resolutions being to consider anti-semitism or persecution of Jews to be an unpardonable crime. Eventually, Jews actually became the leaders of this revolution. But if Herzel was more theoretical than he was practical, laying plans for murder without actually carrying them out, Trotsky differed from him in that not only did he plan all manner of terrorist operations; he also carried them out (2). Trotsky authored the theory of the necessity of "destroying every middle-aged and every elderly man, every maimed or weak individual who cannot help himself, just the way insects and vermin are destroyed, as well as complete liberation from materialism . . . " [Yet] it is precisely the theory of materialism which is said to have been the foundation of Nazi theory, Hitler having made use of the idea as found in the thought of Trotsky, the Zionist Jew. The same idea then ended up being part of the Nazi criminal operations which were first carried out in detail on the Jewish people. As for the heinous terrorist theory which Trotsky first acted upon on his own responsibility and which he attempted later to extract a decision from the Communist leadership to put officially into practice, it calls for "purifying society by annihilating the greatest number of human beings possible in order that those who remain may live in opulence and ease" (3). The most prominent individuals who gathered around Trotsky were a group of terrorists who came to hold important positions in the Zionist movement, the most well-known of them perhaps being Menachem Begin and Ishaq Shamir.